Denmark's Stance on the Swedish "Nordic Model" for Sex Work: A Summary for Americans
In the United States, the debate on sex work often centers on full criminalization versus decriminalization. In Scandinavia, the discussion is different, largely because of the "Nordic Model," first adopted by Sweden in 1999.
The Core Concept: This model is unique because it criminalizes the
buyer of sex, but not the
seller. The goal is to eliminate the demand for paid sex, which is seen as a form of gender-based violence.
While Americans often group the Nordic countries together, Denmark has consistently and deliberately
rejected this Swedish law. Here is a summary of the Danish debate and the political actions taken.
1. A Deeply Divided Debate: Two Opposing Philosophies
Denmark's rejection of the Swedish model stems from a fundamental disagreement about the best way to address the harms associated with sex work. The country is split into two main camps:
A) The Abolitionist View (Arguments FOR the Swedish Model)
- Who holds it: Primarily women's rights organizations, some center-left political parties, and groups working with trafficking victims.
- The Core Argument: Prostitution is inherently a form of violence and gender inequality. Making it illegal to buy sex sends a powerful message that society does not accept the commodification of people's bodies. They believe this is the most effective way to reduce the demand that fuels human trafficking. For them, it is a moral and ethical issue.
B) The Harm Reduction / Rights-Based View (Arguments AGAINST the Swedish Model)
- Who holds it: Far-left and libertarian/liberal political parties, major human rights groups like Amnesty International, and Sex worker rights organizations.
- The Core Argument: Banning the purchase of sex does not make prostitution disappear; it just makes it more dangerous. They argue the law forces sex work underground, making it harder for workers to screen clients, negotiate safe practices, or report violence to the police without fear. They believe the focus should be on the health, rights, and safety of the individual worker, not on a symbolic law that, in their view, increases harm.
2. What Happened in the Danish Parliament?
This isn't just a theoretical debate; it has been put to a vote. The key takeaway is that Denmark's parliament has had the chance to adopt the Swedish model and has decisively voted against it.
- The Key Vote (2003): A legislative proposal to copy the Swedish law and criminalize all purchases of sexual services was formally introduced in Parliament.
- The Result: The proposal was overwhelmingly defeated in a 95-to-5 vote. A broad, cross-party coalition—from the center-left Social Democrats to right-leaning conservatives and libertarians—united to reject the ban.
- The Signal: This vote demonstrated a strong and lasting political consensus that the Swedish model is not the right path for Denmark. The main reason was the widespread concern that it would harm the very people it was intended to help.
Other, more targeted proposals (like only banning the purchase of sex from trafficking victims) have also been introduced over the years, but they have also been rejected, often due to concerns about how to prove such cases in court.
Conclusion: Why Denmark Chose a Different Path
For an American observer, it is crucial to understand that Denmark's rejection of the Swedish "Nordic Model" is not an oversight. It is a conscious policy choice rooted in a different philosophy.
While Sweden's approach focuses on
abolishing demand through symbolic law, the dominant Danish approach prioritizes the
practical safety and rights of the individual sex worker. The mainstream political view in Denmark is that the potential negative consequences of a ban—increased danger, stigma, and isolation for sex workers—outweigh the symbolic benefits that proponents hope to achieve.